Topics: console, alpha, srm, command, diagnostic, specifies, commands, firmware, alphapc, default, update Topics: pchip, cchip, pci, memory, data, vdd, cpu, vss, pin number, dchip, field bits, clock forward, Topics: alpha, evaluation, board, microprocessor, monitor, microprocessors, windows, debug, firmware, Topics: alphapc, pci, daughtercard, alpha, isa, dimms, compaq, mainboard, compaq computer, onboard. Topics: instruction, data, bcache, tag, alpha, write, system, cache, translation buffer, subject, tag Topics: motherboard, alphapc, digital, semiconductor, kit, files, database, design, exe, unzip, file Topics: gnd, menu, connector, boot, windows, pinouts, alphapc, firmware, system, setup, arc firmware, flash Topics: alphapc, mbit, alpha, motherboard, windows, synchronous, isa, pci, ide, subsystem.
Topics: connector, gnd, pinouts, alphabios, windows, configuration, microprocessor, alphapc, signal, pin, Topics: pci, address, space, connector, gnd, configuration, alphapc, memory, system, pinouts, pin signal, Topics: bcache, data, expansion, connector, buf, dram, address, memory, external, signal, tag address, main Topics: system, alphaserver, scsi, guide, operating, dec, configuration, console, eisa, boot, system board, Topics: alpha, motherboards, sdk, firmware, debug, palcode, software, srom, code, alphapc, software design, Topics: mem, vdd, signal, vss, data, table, memory, pci, clock, vax, pin signal, valid delay, memory Topics: tag, data, bcache, table, parity, subject, alpha, preliminary, translation buffer, signal, dstream Topics: alphapc, connector, gnd, pinouts, microprocessor, alpha, isa, pci, system, signal, functional Topics: digital, cache, semiconductor, data, interface, integer, mhz, instruction, digital equipment, Topics: signal, clock, data, alpha, cache, opr, signals, instruction, interface, input, heat sink, low Topics: alphapc, compaq, pci, isa, cache, onboard, alpha, motherboard, atx, sdram, compaq computer, Topics: connector, gnd, alphapc, pci, pin, memory, daughtercard, pinouts, configuration, signal, system Topics: digital, unix, motherboard, semiconductor, alpha, mhz, kit, alphapc, digital unix, pci, digital Topics: palcode, alpha, evaluation, internal, microprocessor, board, digital, processor, evaluation board, Topics: pci, address, decchip, memory, buffer, data, registers, cia, preliminary edition, preliminary, pin Topics: command, commands, user, specifies, debug, default, memory, address, parameters, pci, address Topics: gnd, connector, alphapc, electronics, arcsbios, scsi, windows, pinouts, pin, microprocessor, safe Topics: rom, pci, connector, alpha, isa, debug, cache, flash, firmware, interrupt, arc firmware, hardware Topics: alphapc, digital, semiconductor, alpha, windows, intel, pci, motherboard, digital equipment, Topics: alphapc, digital, semiconductor, motherboard, windows, pci, atx, alpha, digital semiconductor, mhz, Topics: command, data, srom, memory, commands, flag, cpu, address, motherboard, user, wrt addr, write Topics: instruction, data, bcache, interface, system, write, cache, tag, external interface, signal, Topics: system, scsi, console, guide, configuration, digital, operating, alphaserver, boot, eisa, option Topics: system, alphaserver, scsi, pedestal, pci, digital, rackmount, loooa, eisa, storage, system Topics: file, pvc, command, format, alpha, set, specifies, palcode, violation, entry, option designation, Topics: pci, address, memory, alphapc, cia, sparse, configuration, space, address space, january, connector Topics: pci, address, memory, cpu, configuration, rom, dma, cache, address register, data, register Topics: sdk, alpha, unix, tools, alphapc, firmware, motherboards, windows, software, motherboard, building Topics: digital, alphapc, semiconductor, alpha, windows, mhz, motherboard, pci, digital semiconductor, atx, Topics: connector, gnd, console, srm, firmware, alphapc, alpha, pinouts, microprocessor, alphabios, signal Topics: digital, semiconductor, chipset, pci, mhz, dsw, core, logic, alpha, memory, digital semiconductor, Topics: alpha, digital, cache, rename, cycle, rename map, integer, alu, digital equipment, register rename.
Topics: digital, alphaserver, remote, system, features, server, management, serverworks, remote management, Topics: instruction, alpha, instructions, trap, ieee, architecture, integer, processor, alpha architecture, Topics: windows, firmware, alphapc, installation, setup, system, boot, menu, guide, digital, firmware Topics: cpu, specifies, command, pci, syntax, device, default, console, displays, memory, scsi bus, mhz In the Alpha architecture, a byte was defined as an 8-bit datum , a word as a bit datum, a longword as a bit datum, a quadword as a bit datum and an octaword as a bit datum.
The Alpha had some provision for future expansion of the instruction set to include bit data types. The Alpha has a bit linear virtual address space with no memory segmentation. Implementations can implement a smaller virtual address space with a minimum size of 43 bits. Although the unused bits were not implemented in hardware such as TLBs, the architecture required implementations to check if they are zero to ensure software compatibility with implementations that implemented a larger or the full virtual address space.
The integer operate format is used by integer instructions. It contains a 6-bit opcode field, followed by the Ra field, which specifies the register containing the first operand and the Rb field, specifies the register containing the second operand. Next is a 3-bit field which is unused and reserved.
A 1-bit field contains a "0", which distinguished this format from the integer literal format. A 7-bit function field follows, which is used in conjunction with the opcode to specify an operation. The last field is the Rc field, which specifies the register which the result of a computation should be written to. The register fields are all 5 bits long, required to address 32 unique locations, the 32 integer registers.
The integer literal format is used by integer instructions which use a literal as one of the operands. The format is the same as the integer operate format except for the replacement of the 5-bit Rb field and the 3 bits of unused space with an 8-bit literal field which is zero-extended to a bit operand.
The floating-point operate format is used by floating-point instructions. It is similar to the integer operate format, but has an bit function field made possible by using the literal and unused bits which are reserved in integer operate format.
The memory format is used by mostly by load and store instructions. It has a 6-bit opcode field, a 5-bit Ra field, a 5-bit Rb field and a bit displacement field. Branch instructions have a 6-bit opcode field, a 5-bit Ra field and a bit displacement field.
The Ra field specifies a register to be tested by a conditional branch instruction, and if the condition is met, the program counter is updated by adding the contents of the displacement field with the program counter. The displacement field contains a signed integer and if the value of the integer is positive, if the branch is taken then the program counter is incremented.
If the value of the integer is negative, then program counter is decremented if the branch is taken. The range of a branch is 1,, The Alpha Architecture was designed with a large range as part of the architecture's forward-looking goal. The format retains the opcode field but replaces the others with a bit function field, which contains an integer specifying a PAL subroutine.
The control instructions consist of conditional and unconditional branches, and jumps. The conditional and unconditional branch instructions use the branch instruction format, while the jump instructions use the memory instruction format.
Conditional branches test the least significant bit of a register is set or clear, or compare a register as a signed quadword to zero, and branch if the specified condition is true. These conditions available for comparing a register to zero are equality, inequality, less than, less than or equal to, greater than or equal to, and greater than.
The new address is computed by longword aligning and sign extending the bit displacement and adding it to the address of the instruction following the conditional branch. Unconditional branches update the program counter with a new address computed in the same way as conditional branches.
They also save the address of the instruction following the unconditional branch to a register. There are two such instructions, and they differ only in the hints provided for the branch prediction hardware. There are four jump instructions. These all perform the same operation, saving the address of the instruction following the jump, and providing the program counter with a new address from a register.
They differ in the hints provided to the branch prediction hardware. The unused displacement field is used for this purpose.
The integer arithmetic instructions perform addition, multiplication, and subtraction on longwords and quadwords; and comparison on quadwords. There is no instruction s for division as the architects considered the implementation of division in hardware to be adverse to simplicity. In addition to the standard add and subtract instructions, there are scaled versions. These versions shift the second operand to the left by two or three bits before adding or subtracting. The Multiply Longword and Multiply Quadword instructions write the least significant 32 or 64 bits of a or bit result to the destination register, respectively.
UMULH is used for implementing multi-precision arithmetic and division algorithms. The concept of a separate instruction for multiplication that returns the most significant half of a result was taken from PRISM.
The instructions that operate on longwords ignore the most significant half of the register and the bit result is sign-extended before it is written to the destination register. By default, the add, multiply, and subtract instructions, with the exception of UMULH and scaled versions of add and subtract, do no trap on overflow.
When such functionality is required, versions of these instructions that perform overflow detection and trap on overflow are provided.
The compare instructions compare two registers or a register and a literal and write '1' to the destination register if the specified condition is true or '0' if not. The conditions are equality, inequality, less than or equal to, and less than. With the exception of the instructions that specify the former two conditions, there are versions that perform signed and unsigned compares. The logical instructions consist of those for performing bitwise logical operations and conditional moves on the integer registers.
The conditional move instructions test a register as a signed quadword to zero and move if the specified condition is true. The specified conditions are equality, inequality, less than or equal to, less than, greater than or equal to, and greater than. The shift instructions perform arithmetic right shift , and logical left and right shifts.
The shift amount is given by a register or literal. Logical and shift instructions use the integer operate instruction formats. Later, the Alpha included byte-word extensions, a set of instructions to manipulate 8-bit and bit data types. These instructions were first introduced in the A EV56 microprocessor and are present all subsequent implementations. These instructions performed operations that previously required multiple instructions to implement, which improved code density and the performance of certain applications.
BWX also made the emulation of x86 machine code and the writing of device drivers easier. MVI's simplicity was due to two reasons. Firstly, Digital had determined that the Alpha was already capable of performing DVD decoding through software, therefore not requiring hardware provisions for the purpose, but was inefficient in MPEG-2 encoding. The second reason was the requirement to retain the fast cycle times of implementations. Adding many instructions would have complicated and enlarged the instruction decode logic, reducing an implementation's clock frequency.
Template:Multimedia extensions. It introduced nine instructions for floating-point square-root and for transferring data to and from the integer registers and floating-point registers. The Alpha EV6 was the first microprocessor to implement these instructions. Count Extensions CIX was an extension to the architecture which introduced three instructions for counting bits. These instructions were categorized as integer arithmetic instructions.
They were first implemented on the Alpha A EV At the time of its announcement, Alpha was heralded as an architecture for the next 25 years.
While this was not to be, Alpha has nevertheless had a reasonably long life. The first version, the Alpha otherwise known as the EV4 was introduced in November running at up to MHz; a slight shrink of the die the EV4S , shrunk from 0.
The bit processor was a superpipelined and superscalar design, like other RISC designs, but nevertheless outperformed them all and DEC touted it as the world's fastest processor. Careful attention to circuit design, a hallmark of the Hudson design team, like a huge centralized clock circuitry, allowed them to run the CPU at higher speeds, even though the microarchitecture was fairly similar to other RISC chips.
In comparison, the less expensive Intel Pentium ran at 66 MHz when it was launched the following spring. In , the production of Alpha chips was licensed to Samsung Electronics Company. On June 25, , Compaq announced that Alpha would be phased out by in favor of Intel 's Itanium , canceled the planned EV8 chip, and sold all Alpha intellectual property to Intel. This would be the final iteration of Alpha, the 0.
Piranha was a multicore design for transaction processing workloads that contained eight simple cores.
0コメント